https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/ 2026-04-08T23:14:29+00:00 https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/ https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/lib/tpl/dokuwiki/images/favicon.ico text/html 2022-01-29T18:30:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:1k_pot&rev=1643481030&do=diff Precooling issues: 1K pot, or no 1K pot? The continuous "1K pot" * Continuously operating 4He evaporation refrigerator. Rev Sci Instrum (1971);42:147–50. <https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1684846> * Low dead time 1 K cryostat, J.Talpe and V.Bekeris, Cryogenics 29, 854-856 (1989). <https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275>(89)90161-6 text/html 2022-12-15T15:32:29+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:2d3he&rev=1671118349&do=diff Two-Dimensional 3He Review Articles * Experimental Properties of 3He adsorbed on Graphite, H. Godfrin and H.J. Lauter, in “Progress in Low Temp. Physics”, Vol. XIV, Chapter 4, p; 213-320, ed. by W.P. Halperin, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 1995 text/html 2022-12-15T14:36:38+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:2d4he&rev=1671114998&do=diff Two-Dimensional 4He * Heat capacity of fluid monolayers of 4He Dennis S. Greywall and Paul A. Busch Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3535 (1991) <https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3535> * Heat capacity and the commensurate-incommensurate transition of 4He adsorbed on graphite Dennis S. Greywall, Phys. Rev. B 47, 309 (1993) text/html 2022-12-15T15:16:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:3hecryogenics&rev=1671117408&do=diff 3He cryogenics * The full range Joule-Thomson inversion curve of helium-3, Kohei Tada, International Journal of Refrigeration 127 (2021) 157–164 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2021.02.020> * A deeper look into the thermodynamic perfection of the Debye equation of state for helium-3, Yonghua Huang, 25th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference and the International Cryogenic Materials Conference in 2014, ICEC 25–ICMC 2014, Physics Procedia 67 (2015) 582 – 590 text/html 2022-02-03T13:49:51+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:articles_on_dilution_refrigeration&rev=1643896191&do=diff Articles on dilution refrigeration La Jolla Techniques * Experimental properties of superfluid He 3, Wheatley, John C., Reviews of Modern Physics 47.2 (1975): 415. <https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.47.415> * Principles and methods of dilution refrigeration. Wheatley, John C., O. E. Vilches, and W. R. Abel. Physics Physique Fizika 4.1 (1968): 1. text/html 2022-01-30T18:36:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:bolts_nuts&rev=1643567768&do=diff Low temperature Bolts&Nuts This is the place to find some information about “How to...?” Attaching objects: glues, tapes, threads Glues * Stycast® 1266 or “transparent stycast” is a very fluid epoxy, 2-component glue. Used to glue plastic parts (cells, rods, etc). Can be used to cast rods. text/html 2022-12-15T15:39:33+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:cryocoolers&rev=1671118773&do=diff Cryocoolers Articles * Basic operation of cryocoolers and related thermal machines, A.T.A.M. de Waele, J. of Low Temp. Physics, Vol.164, pp.179‐236 (2011) (open access) <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-011-0373-x> * Cryocoolers near their low-temperature limit, A.T.A.M. de Waele, Cryogenics 69 (2015) 18–25, text/html 2022-11-12T20:28:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:cryogenics_books&rev=1668284904&do=diff Books on Cryogenics Main references * O.V. Lounasmaa, Experimental Principles and Methods below 1 K (Academic Press, New York, 1974) * F. Pobell, Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures (Springer 2007) Link to Editor * C. Enss and S. Hunklinger, Low Temperature Physics (Presents experiment, theory and technology in a unified manner; part III covers techniques) (Springer 2005) text/html 2022-12-15T13:56:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:demag_papers&rev=1671112596&do=diff Articles on Nuclear Demagnetization * Nuclear Cooling, N. Kurti, F. N. H. Robinson, F. Simon, D. A. Spohr, Nature 178 (1956) 450, <https://doi.org/10.1038/178450a0> * Hyperfine Enhanced Nuclear Magnetic Cooling in Van Vleck Paramagnetic Intermetallic Compounds, K. Andres, E. Bucher, Journal of Applied Physics 42 (1971) 1522-1527, text/html 2022-12-15T17:46:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:design_construction&rev=1671126403&do=diff Design and Construction of dilution refrigerators Modern dilution refrigerator techniques are based on the La Jolla principles and methods, and the Grenoble design, described in Cryogenics books and several original articles on dilution refrigeration. There exist many different types of dilution refrigerators, in terms of lowest working temperature and cooling power, size of the machine, and additional constraints (possibility to immerse the sample in the mixing chamber, use in a neutron or X… text/html 2022-01-29T17:16:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:dilution_refrigeration&rev=1643476566&do=diff Dilution Refrigeration History of dilution refrigeration A brief account of the development of dilution refrigeration, since the suggestion of the principle by H. London in 1952, can be found here. Design and construction of dilution refrigerators * text/html 2020-07-29T09:35:28+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:dokuwiki&rev=1596015328&do=diff DokuWiki wiki:dokuwiki DokuWiki is a simple to use and highly versatile Open Source wiki software that doesn't require a database. It is loved by users for its clean and readable syntax. The ease of maintenance, backup and integration makes it an administrator's favorite. Built in text/html 2022-02-10T17:43:31+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:dr_history&rev=1644515011&do=diff History of Dilution Refrigeration * The principle of the dilution refrigerator was suggested by Heinz London in 1952. * H. London, G.R. Clarke, and E. Mendoza proposed a prototype of continuous refrigerator in 1962. * It was realized in 1964 in the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium at Leiden University by Das, P.; Ouboter, R. B.; Taconis, K. W. (1965). text/html 2022-12-13T18:43:59+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:electrical_properties&rev=1670957039&do=diff Electrical Properties Grafoil * Electrical resistivity of grafoil in the rolling direction at very low temperatures. R.E. Rapp, L.D. Dillon, H. Godfrin. Cryogenics 25, (1985) 152-153 text/html 2022-01-25T16:00:33+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:magnetic_properties&rev=1643126433&do=diff Magnetic properties of cryogenic materials * Magnetic Susceptibility of Materials Commonly Used in the Construction of Cryogenic Apparatus, G. L. Salinger and J. C. Wheatley, Review of Scientific Instruments 32, 872 (1961); <https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1717549> text/html 2022-12-13T18:42:50+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:materials&rev=1670956970&do=diff Properties of cryogenic materials A critical compilation of materials properties can be found in the NIST site <https://trc.nist.gov/cryogenics/materials/materialproperties.htm> References to the published papers: Thermal properties Electrical properties Magnetic properties Powders text/html 2023-02-10T22:26:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:mixtures&rev=1676067980&do=diff Properties of 3He-4He Mixtures Phase Diagram [Mixtures phase diagram ] By Mets501 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25250292> Viscosity * Viscosity of saturated3He-4He mixture below 200 mK, Zeegers, J.C.H., de Waele, A.T.A.M. & Gijsman, H.M. J Low Temp Phys 84, 37–47 (1991). <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00681616> Mutual friction text/html 2022-12-15T14:57:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:normal_3he&rev=1671116263&do=diff Normal liquid 3He properties Reference articles * High-Precision Specific-Heat Measurements on Normal Liquid 3He, Dennis S. Greywall and Paul A. Busch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 146(1982) <https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.146> * Specific heat of normal liquid 3He Dennis S. Greywall Phys. Rev. B 27, 2747 (1983) text/html 2022-01-28T13:31:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:normal_4he&rev=1643376714&do=diff Normal 4He properties * The Observed Properties of Liquid Helium at the Saturated Vapor Pressure. R. J. Donnelly and C. F. Barenghi, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 27, 1217 (1998) <https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556028>. These properties are available interactively online at text/html 2022-01-18T17:46:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:normal_density&rev=1642527972&do=diff T(K) ρ(g/cm3) ρ_n(g/cm3) ρ_n-Phonon(g/cm3) ρ_n-Roton(g/cm3) 0 0.14514 — — — 0.05 0.14514 1.103E-10 1.103E-10 3.94E-74 0.10 0.14514 1.754E-09 1.754E-09 6.65E-37 0.15 0.14514 8.799E-09 8.799E-09 1.566E-24 0.20 0.14514 2.749E-08 2.749E-08 2.305E-18 text/html 2022-11-12T20:07:41+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:nuclear_demag&rev=1668283661&do=diff Nuclear Demagnetization Temperatures down to a few millikelvins can be reached using dilution refrigerators. Below this temperature, nuclear demagnetization is the most common method used in ultralow temperature laboratories. Temperatures as low as 0.5 mK can be easily obtained. Cooling samples below about 100 µK is feasible, but extremely difficult, and highly dependent on the type of material. Superfluid 3He, for instance, has been cooled down to about 80 µK in Lancaster and in Grenoble. text/html 2022-11-12T20:47:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:pulse-tube_dr&rev=1668286033&do=diff Pulse-tube pre-cooled dilution units First machines The first pulse-tube pre-cooled dilution units were developed simultaneously in Japan, Germany and France in the late 90's, in research and industrial environments, when efficient pulse-tube cryocoolers became available. text/html 2022-12-25T22:29:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:qf_books&rev=1672007383&do=diff Books on Quantum Fluids Properties * J. Wilks, Properties of Liquid and Solid Helium (Monographs on Physics), Oxford University Press (1967) * C. Enss and S. Hunklinger, Low Temperature Physics (Presents experiment, theory and technology in a unified manner; part III covers techniques) (Springer 2005) text/html 2022-02-04T13:20:50+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:silver_powders&rev=1643980850&do=diff Silver Powders Kapitza Resistance [Kapitza 3He_AgPowders_®HG.JPG] * The Kapitza thermal resistance between 3He or mixtures and sintered silver powders is a particularly important parameter for the design of low temperature heat exchangers. The minimum grain size for mixtures is about 1000Å, because 3He atoms are expelled from small pores, filled essentially by 4He. Note that in the concentrated side of a dilution refrigerator, a 4He film coats the surfaces, and therefore the Kapitza resista… text/html 2022-12-13T18:39:39+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:solid_3he&rev=1670956779&do=diff Solid 3He * Magnetization of solid 3He from 0.2 to 11 T. D.D. Osheroff, H. Godfrin, R. Ruel. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (1987) 2458-2461 * Multiple spin exchange calculation of the T = 0 properties of solid 3He. H. Godfrin, D.D. Osheroff. Phys. Rev. B 38 (1988) 4492-4503 text/html 2022-02-02T17:11:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:some_fridges&rev=1643821872&do=diff Some examples of powerful Refrigerators ULT set-ups cooling 3He well below 100 µK Estimated lowest temperatures are on the order of 85 µK (actual temperatures may be even lower, the thermometers loosing sensitivity). * An Advanced Dilution Refrigerator Designed for the New Lancaster Microkelvin Facility, D. J. Cousins, S. N. Fisher, A. M. Guenault, R. P. Haley, I. E. Miller, G. R. Pickett, G. N. Plenderleith, P. Skyba, P. Y. A. Thibault, and M. G. Ward, J. of Low Temp. Phys. 114, 547 (1999… text/html 2022-12-13T18:25:51+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:superfluid_3he&rev=1670955951&do=diff Superfluid 3He Books * D. Vollhardt and P. Wölfle, The Superfluid Phases of Helium 3, Courier Corporation, 2013. * Leggett, Anthony James. Quantum liquids: Bose condensation and Cooper pairing in condensed-matter systems. Oxford university press, 2006. text/html 2022-01-21T13:28:35+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:superfluid_4he&rev=1642771715&do=diff Superfluid 4He properties Books * J. Wilks, Properties of Liquid and Solid Helium (Monographs on Physics), Oxford University Press (1967) * H. R. Glyde, Excitations in Liquid and Solid Helium, Oxford Series on Neutron Scattering in Condensed Matter (Clarendon, Oxford, 1994). text/html 2020-07-29T09:35:28+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:syntax&rev=1596015328&do=diff Formatting Syntax DokuWiki supports some simple markup language, which tries to make the datafiles to be as readable as possible. This page contains all possible syntax you may use when editing the pages. Simply have a look at the source of this page by pressing text/html 2022-12-13T17:21:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:thermal_properties&rev=1670952116&do=diff Thermal properties of cryogenic materials Heat capacity * (STYCAST 2850FT): Low-temperature heat capacity measurements on encapsulated transuranium samples, P. Javorsky et al., Journal of Nuclear Materials 344 (2005) 50–55 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2005.04.015> Thermal conductivity text/html 2023-01-25T21:39:32+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:thermometry&rev=1674682772&do=diff Thermometry 3He Vapor Pressure temperature scale * A new 3He vapour-pressure based temperature scale from 0.65K to 3.2K consistent with the PLTS-2000, Jost Engert, Bernd Fellmuth and Karl Jousten, Metrologia 44, 40–52 (2007) <https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/1/006> 3He Melting Curve and PLTS2000 temperature scale text/html 2022-01-18T16:54:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://emp.kip.uni-heidelberg.de/cryotools/doku.php?id=wiki:welcome&rev=1642524863&do=diff Welcome to your new DokuWiki Congratulations, your wiki is now up and running. Here are a few more tips to get you started. Enjoy your work with DokuWiki, -- the developers Create your first pages Your wiki needs to have a start page. As long as it doesn't exist, this link will be red: